What do electromagnetic radiation waves consist of?

Electromagnetic radiation waves consist of particles of light called photons, which travel through space in a wave-like motion. This wave-particle duality is a fundamental concept in physics, illustrating that light behaves both as a wave and as a particle. Electromagnetic waves can move through a vacuum, unlike sound waves, which require a medium (such as air, water, or solids) to propagate. Since electromagnetic radiation includes a wide range of frequencies, from radio waves to gamma rays, it is characterized by oscillating electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other. This characteristic allows electromagnetic waves to transmit energy and information across vast distances without the necessity of a physical medium.